Bila kita lewat kalimalang, Bekasi maka akan ditemukan banyak sepeda roda dua dengan tas berbentuk bulat lonjong di jok belakang. Tas tadi bukan buat gaya-gayaan atau iseng, namun lebih digunakan sebagai wadah mantel hujan. Bila hujan turun maka pengendara segera minggir buka tas, ambil mantel, pakai dan wuss jalan lagi.
Di tahun-tahun sebelumnya kita belum melihat tas bulat lonjong penyimpan mantel tadi. Mantel umumnya ditaruh di bawah jok. Karena posisinya tergenjet maka sering mantel menjadi rusak dan sobek. Cukup kreatif rupanya mereka yang desain tas penyimpan mantel tadi, yang berharga murah, rapi dan praktis.
Terobosan bisnis berupa produk inovatif sebenarnya banyak berserakan di berbagai daerah. Di jogya, sudah dari dulu kala ada kaos bernama dagadu jogya. Dengan kreativitas dari beberapa mahasiswa ugm lahirlah berbagai gambar lucu, sindiran, tulisan maupun slogan yang mengena. Jadilah kaos dagadu jogya mulai tersebar secara nasional Hanya mereka dengan pertimbangan tertentu, tidak membuka cabang di kota lainnya. Tetap dari Jogya- dipasarkan kaos kreatif tersebut.
Ojeg sepeda, sebenarnya juga merupakan terobosan, karena tidak lazim. Kalau perlu naik ojeg umumnya motor yang dicari, atau bajaj, atau paling becak. Nah beberapa orang kreatif masih suka menawarkan jasa ojeg sepeda, yakni di daerah kota, Jakarta barat. Ciri khasnya bangku tempat penumpang diberi alas yang empuk.
Terobosan bisnis tidak hanya dalam bentuk barang, namun lebih banyak lagi dalam bentuk makanan. Coba datang ke Bandung, Solo, Malang, Surabaya bakal ditemukan berbagai makanan hasil inovasi pedagang setempat. Sangat banyak ragam makanan yang kreatif dan sulit untuk disebutkan satu persatu.
Dalam skala yang lebih besar, semacam restoran atau franchise, terdapat ayam bakar wong solo, bakso karapitan, es teller maupun restoran tradisional lainnya. Mereka mengolah bahan makanan tradisional dikombinasikan dengan aroma modern, maka jadilah restoran dengan makanan yang menarik.
Sementara dalam dunia industri tidak kalah banyaknya bentuk-bentuk terobosan bisnis semacam just in time, six zigma, balanced scorecards maupun enterprise resource planning misalnya. Bisa saja hal ini diperdebatkan, namun rasanya tetap terkandung unsur terobosan bisnis di dalamnya.
Read More ..
Thursday, January 26, 2006
ORANG KAMPUNG
Seorang abdi dalem –sebut saja pak Karyo- di kraton Jogya yang sudah mengabdi sejak umur 20-an tahun sampai umur 50-an tahun , bergaji 30 ribu perbulan terlihat di jalanan. Pak Karyo, harus mengayuh sepeda tuanya dari luar kota menuju kraton yang berjarak lebih dari 20 km. Setiap subuh pak Karyo berangkat kerja ke kraton sebagai abdi dalem, sore hari baru pulang. Demikian dilakukan bertahun-tahun. Untuk mendukung hidupnya pak Karyo juga berkebun di pekarangannya yang tidak seberapa luas. Kebunnya ditanami cabe dan sayuran lainnya. Bu Karyo bekerja serabutan layaknya perempuan di kampung. Ya mburuh, nyuci atau mencari kayu bakar.
Di kraton pak Karyo mendapat jatah makan siang berupa nasi, sayur, sambal dan lauk tahu atau tempe. Pagi hari sarapan hanya minum the tawar dan rokok lintingan. Untuk rokok pak Karyo biasanya membeli tembakau dan cengkehnya lantas dibuat lintingan dengan lembaran kertas. Pak Karyo memiliki 2 anak yang ber-sekolah. Guna membiayai sekolahnya anak-anaknya juga bekerja sepulang sekolah seadanya. Ya mengail, mencari kayu, atau membantu-bantu pekerjaan tetangga yang membutuhkan tenaganya.
Sementara di kampung lainnya, seputaran pinggiran Solo, kita masih akrab menemui station radio dengan gelombang SW/MW. Kalau di kota besar stasiun radio-nya kan bergelombang FM, dan hampir tidak ada lagi yang nyetel MW/SW tadi. Nah di kampung tuh, masih banyak radio-radio tadi, dengan penyiar yang umumnya bukan paruh waktu. Pemasukan guna mendongkrak operasional ya hanya dari iklan yang tidak seberapa. Stasiun radio tadi harus bersaing melawan TV atau radio FM yang jauh lebih besar dan kuat. Namun kita melihat bahwa radio SW/MW masih terus berjalan dan mengudara. Entah sampai kapan.
Lain lagi kehidupan beberapa rakyat kecil yang hidup di gunung kidul sono. Tanahnya kering dan gersang, sulit untuk menyuburkan padi. Kebanyakan mereka bertanam singkong dan setelah panen dikeringkan menjadi gaplek. Guna makan sehari-hari diolah sedikit beras dan dicampur tepung gaplek. Jadilah itu menu makan mereka yang sehari kadang hanya 1x makan. Sangat-lah ber-untung bila mereka mampu 3x makan.
PENGABDIAN
Pengabdianlah yang tetap mendorong pak Karyo terus mengayuh sepeda bututnya menuju kraton sebagai abdi dalem. Dengan pengabdian maka dengan sehari makan sekali bisa terus menghidupi tubuh renta-nya. Pak Karyo tidak peduli dengan harga-harga sembako yang naik tajam, bbm mahal, transport mahal atau gula yang makin langka. Pernah sepedanya rusak rantainya dan pak Karyo bingung bagaimana memperbaiki atau membeli rantai baru. Untunglah tetangga-nya seorang mahasiswa membantu memberikan rantai sepedanya yang tidak terpakai.
Mengabdi pada hidup-lah yang membuat orang kampung di gunung kidul terus bertahan. Meskipun hanya 1 atau 2x makan nasi campur gaplek, anugerah hidup tetap menopang tubuh-tubuh kurus untuk terus ke ladang. Terus dan terus sampai akhir jaman. Bisa menyekolahkan anaknya sudah merupakan anugrah tak terkira bagi kebanyakan orang kampung. Kebanyakan hanya mengenyam bangku SD atau SMP. Bisa lulus SMA atau kuliah adalah hal luar biasa bagi mereka.
Mengabdi agar terus bisa bekerja pula yang mendorong penyiar dan pengelola radio bergelombang SW/MW di kampung, tetap mengudara dan berbuat sebisanya. Sangat sulit bagi radi-radio tadi menambah peralatan atau membeli perangkat agar bisa mengubah menjadi gelombang FM misalnya. Ibaratnya pemain gurem, dalam persaingan yang ketat akan semakin berat bersaing dan cenderung terpinggirkan. Namun meski di pinggir tidak berarti harus mati kan.
NRIMO DAN PASRAH
Pak Karyo selalu nrimo dan pasrah dengan apa yang dia terima. Gaji 30 ribu selalu utuh dibawa pulang dan digunakan untuk keperluan keluarga. Tidak pernah ada keinginan sesuatu yang di luar jangkauannya. Bila hari itu ia bisa bekerja dengan baik, menikmati makan siang sayur bayam dan tempe dan pulang sore hari cukuplah baginya. Hari itu akan ditutup dengan minum the tawar dan rokok linting- sebelum pergi tidur dan bangun esok hari untuk kegiatan selanjutnya. Bila hari libur barulah disempatkan ke kebun merawat tanaman sayurannya.
Warga gunung kidul-pun cukup nrimo dan pasrah dengan apa yang bisa dinikmati. Kepasrahan yang sama juga dilakukan oleh para penyiar radio gurem yang mengudara seadanya dan mendapat pemasukan sekadarnya. Kepasrahan mereka tidak berarti mereka tidak mau berusaha dan mengubah menjadi lebih baik. Sampai tahap maksimal hanya rutinitas itulah yang menemani kehidupan mereka. Read More ..
Di kraton pak Karyo mendapat jatah makan siang berupa nasi, sayur, sambal dan lauk tahu atau tempe. Pagi hari sarapan hanya minum the tawar dan rokok lintingan. Untuk rokok pak Karyo biasanya membeli tembakau dan cengkehnya lantas dibuat lintingan dengan lembaran kertas. Pak Karyo memiliki 2 anak yang ber-sekolah. Guna membiayai sekolahnya anak-anaknya juga bekerja sepulang sekolah seadanya. Ya mengail, mencari kayu, atau membantu-bantu pekerjaan tetangga yang membutuhkan tenaganya.
Sementara di kampung lainnya, seputaran pinggiran Solo, kita masih akrab menemui station radio dengan gelombang SW/MW. Kalau di kota besar stasiun radio-nya kan bergelombang FM, dan hampir tidak ada lagi yang nyetel MW/SW tadi. Nah di kampung tuh, masih banyak radio-radio tadi, dengan penyiar yang umumnya bukan paruh waktu. Pemasukan guna mendongkrak operasional ya hanya dari iklan yang tidak seberapa. Stasiun radio tadi harus bersaing melawan TV atau radio FM yang jauh lebih besar dan kuat. Namun kita melihat bahwa radio SW/MW masih terus berjalan dan mengudara. Entah sampai kapan.
Lain lagi kehidupan beberapa rakyat kecil yang hidup di gunung kidul sono. Tanahnya kering dan gersang, sulit untuk menyuburkan padi. Kebanyakan mereka bertanam singkong dan setelah panen dikeringkan menjadi gaplek. Guna makan sehari-hari diolah sedikit beras dan dicampur tepung gaplek. Jadilah itu menu makan mereka yang sehari kadang hanya 1x makan. Sangat-lah ber-untung bila mereka mampu 3x makan.
PENGABDIAN
Pengabdianlah yang tetap mendorong pak Karyo terus mengayuh sepeda bututnya menuju kraton sebagai abdi dalem. Dengan pengabdian maka dengan sehari makan sekali bisa terus menghidupi tubuh renta-nya. Pak Karyo tidak peduli dengan harga-harga sembako yang naik tajam, bbm mahal, transport mahal atau gula yang makin langka. Pernah sepedanya rusak rantainya dan pak Karyo bingung bagaimana memperbaiki atau membeli rantai baru. Untunglah tetangga-nya seorang mahasiswa membantu memberikan rantai sepedanya yang tidak terpakai.
Mengabdi pada hidup-lah yang membuat orang kampung di gunung kidul terus bertahan. Meskipun hanya 1 atau 2x makan nasi campur gaplek, anugerah hidup tetap menopang tubuh-tubuh kurus untuk terus ke ladang. Terus dan terus sampai akhir jaman. Bisa menyekolahkan anaknya sudah merupakan anugrah tak terkira bagi kebanyakan orang kampung. Kebanyakan hanya mengenyam bangku SD atau SMP. Bisa lulus SMA atau kuliah adalah hal luar biasa bagi mereka.
Mengabdi agar terus bisa bekerja pula yang mendorong penyiar dan pengelola radio bergelombang SW/MW di kampung, tetap mengudara dan berbuat sebisanya. Sangat sulit bagi radi-radio tadi menambah peralatan atau membeli perangkat agar bisa mengubah menjadi gelombang FM misalnya. Ibaratnya pemain gurem, dalam persaingan yang ketat akan semakin berat bersaing dan cenderung terpinggirkan. Namun meski di pinggir tidak berarti harus mati kan.
NRIMO DAN PASRAH
Pak Karyo selalu nrimo dan pasrah dengan apa yang dia terima. Gaji 30 ribu selalu utuh dibawa pulang dan digunakan untuk keperluan keluarga. Tidak pernah ada keinginan sesuatu yang di luar jangkauannya. Bila hari itu ia bisa bekerja dengan baik, menikmati makan siang sayur bayam dan tempe dan pulang sore hari cukuplah baginya. Hari itu akan ditutup dengan minum the tawar dan rokok linting- sebelum pergi tidur dan bangun esok hari untuk kegiatan selanjutnya. Bila hari libur barulah disempatkan ke kebun merawat tanaman sayurannya.
Warga gunung kidul-pun cukup nrimo dan pasrah dengan apa yang bisa dinikmati. Kepasrahan yang sama juga dilakukan oleh para penyiar radio gurem yang mengudara seadanya dan mendapat pemasukan sekadarnya. Kepasrahan mereka tidak berarti mereka tidak mau berusaha dan mengubah menjadi lebih baik. Sampai tahap maksimal hanya rutinitas itulah yang menemani kehidupan mereka. Read More ..
Wednesday, January 11, 2006
STEALTH
Negara kita memiliki 12 unit pesawat F-16 yang pada jamannya merupakan pesawat tempur paling canggih. Pesawat tempur yang bermarkas di bandara Iswahyudi, Madiun tersebut dibeli dari Amerika. Negara paman sam dikenal sebagai negara pembuat pesawat tempur canggih. Tentunya sebelum Uni Soviet ambruk dan menjadi negara Rusia, juga merupakan pembuat pesawat tempur yang handal. Ada pesawat Sukhoi dan Mig yang cukup kesohor dan menjadi armada tempur dari blok yang bernama pakta Warsawa. Blok tersebut merupakan pesaing dari blok barat yang bernama Nato.
Bila F-16 sudah memiliki kecanggihan, berikutnya masih ada F-18 yang juga tidak kalah hebat. Nah puncak dari kecanggihan teknologi Amerika salah satunya adalah pesawat yang bisa terbang tanpa ditangkap radar yakni yang terkenal dinamakan Stealth, atau pesawat siluman. Pesawat tersebut bisa terbang sangat rendah maupun sangat tinggi dengan kecepatan max 3, atau lebih cepat dari kecepatan suara. Disain pesawat yang ramping dan terbuata dari komponen canggih menyebabkan radar sulit mendeteksinya.
Belum lama, melalui Sony Entertainment, diluncurkan film produksi Hollywood yang menunjukkan kehebatan dari Stealth tadi. Meskipun terdapat animasi film dan unsur rekayasa-nya, namanya juga film, tidak ayal lagi tergambar kehebatan dari pesawat kebanggaan Nato tersebut. Bagaimana unit kapal induk yang berlayar di perairan phillipina diperkuat oeh 3 unit Stealth. Digambarkan pada sesi latihan di gurun Nevada 3 stealth selalu menembak tepat pada sasaran atau target yang disiapkan. Baik target berupa contoh markas tentara, juga tembakan/serangan dari tentara bahkan sasaran dalam bunker/gua dengan selalu dengan tepat terkena rudal dari stealth tadi. 100% over 100% demikian kata kapten Cumming didengungkan kepada 3 letnan penerbang stealth tersebut.
US Navy ternyata sudah meyiapkan unit stealth tanpa pilot yang dinamakan UCAV. Stealth tanpa pilot namun berotak komputer inipun gabung dengan 3 unit stealth lainnya yang tentunya berpilot. Melalui desain dan proses yang rumit dengan anggaran yang besar maka lahirlah UCAV tadi dan unutk kesempurnaannya maka digabungkan dengan unit stealth Navy tersebut.
Target berikutnya adalah serangan terhadap kaum teroris di Myanmar. Digambarkan bagaimana sekelompok teroris menguasai sebuah gedung di kota Rangoon. 3 stealth beserta UCAV pun meluncur ke sana dengan speed super sonic. Sambil menuju sasaran 3 letnan tadi mengkonfirmasi lagi identitas teroris cukup dari database di pesawat. Identitas teroris diambil melalui kamera di pesawat stealth. Tidak masalah profil yang diambil dari sidik jari, bola mata maupun bagian tubuh lainnya dengan tepat diperoleh konfirmasi benar mereka adalah teroris. Berikutnya adalah penyerangan ke gedung namun tanpa mengorbankan masyarakat di sekitar gedung tentunya.
Diskusi cara penyerangan terbaik berlangsung disela-sela menerbangkan pesawat menuju target. UCAV, sang stealth berawak komputer mengusulkan unutk menyerang secara vertical, sehingga rudal tepat ditembakan dari atas ke bawah menembus gedung. Maka sang pemimpin unit, letnan Ben langsung mengeksekusi dengan terbang vertical ke atas puluhan ribu kaki. Setelah komputer menghitung maka pesawat manuver dan terbang lurus kebawah menuju gedung teroris. Jarak tembak efektif tercapai rudalpun ditembakan dan melesak ke gedung bertingkat tersebut. Tentunya letnan Ben segera kelabakan mengendalikan stealthnya, karena posisi yang sulit selepas rudal ditembakan.,,,,,,,bersambung Read More ..
Bila F-16 sudah memiliki kecanggihan, berikutnya masih ada F-18 yang juga tidak kalah hebat. Nah puncak dari kecanggihan teknologi Amerika salah satunya adalah pesawat yang bisa terbang tanpa ditangkap radar yakni yang terkenal dinamakan Stealth, atau pesawat siluman. Pesawat tersebut bisa terbang sangat rendah maupun sangat tinggi dengan kecepatan max 3, atau lebih cepat dari kecepatan suara. Disain pesawat yang ramping dan terbuata dari komponen canggih menyebabkan radar sulit mendeteksinya.
Belum lama, melalui Sony Entertainment, diluncurkan film produksi Hollywood yang menunjukkan kehebatan dari Stealth tadi. Meskipun terdapat animasi film dan unsur rekayasa-nya, namanya juga film, tidak ayal lagi tergambar kehebatan dari pesawat kebanggaan Nato tersebut. Bagaimana unit kapal induk yang berlayar di perairan phillipina diperkuat oeh 3 unit Stealth. Digambarkan pada sesi latihan di gurun Nevada 3 stealth selalu menembak tepat pada sasaran atau target yang disiapkan. Baik target berupa contoh markas tentara, juga tembakan/serangan dari tentara bahkan sasaran dalam bunker/gua dengan selalu dengan tepat terkena rudal dari stealth tadi. 100% over 100% demikian kata kapten Cumming didengungkan kepada 3 letnan penerbang stealth tersebut.
US Navy ternyata sudah meyiapkan unit stealth tanpa pilot yang dinamakan UCAV. Stealth tanpa pilot namun berotak komputer inipun gabung dengan 3 unit stealth lainnya yang tentunya berpilot. Melalui desain dan proses yang rumit dengan anggaran yang besar maka lahirlah UCAV tadi dan unutk kesempurnaannya maka digabungkan dengan unit stealth Navy tersebut.
Target berikutnya adalah serangan terhadap kaum teroris di Myanmar. Digambarkan bagaimana sekelompok teroris menguasai sebuah gedung di kota Rangoon. 3 stealth beserta UCAV pun meluncur ke sana dengan speed super sonic. Sambil menuju sasaran 3 letnan tadi mengkonfirmasi lagi identitas teroris cukup dari database di pesawat. Identitas teroris diambil melalui kamera di pesawat stealth. Tidak masalah profil yang diambil dari sidik jari, bola mata maupun bagian tubuh lainnya dengan tepat diperoleh konfirmasi benar mereka adalah teroris. Berikutnya adalah penyerangan ke gedung namun tanpa mengorbankan masyarakat di sekitar gedung tentunya.
Diskusi cara penyerangan terbaik berlangsung disela-sela menerbangkan pesawat menuju target. UCAV, sang stealth berawak komputer mengusulkan unutk menyerang secara vertical, sehingga rudal tepat ditembakan dari atas ke bawah menembus gedung. Maka sang pemimpin unit, letnan Ben langsung mengeksekusi dengan terbang vertical ke atas puluhan ribu kaki. Setelah komputer menghitung maka pesawat manuver dan terbang lurus kebawah menuju gedung teroris. Jarak tembak efektif tercapai rudalpun ditembakan dan melesak ke gedung bertingkat tersebut. Tentunya letnan Ben segera kelabakan mengendalikan stealthnya, karena posisi yang sulit selepas rudal ditembakan.,,,,,,,bersambung Read More ..
Friday, January 06, 2006
FORD EXPLORER
Sebelum berangkat ngantor iseng-iseng buka majalah Jeep edisi 2002 dan baca halaman utama “Ford Explorer terjual 5 juta unit dalam waktu 7 tahun”. Mobil kebanggaan rakyat Amrik tersebut pertama diluncurkan tahun 1990. Ford explorer termasuk kategori mobil Sport Utility Vehicle (SUV) atau bila diterjemahkan bebas adalah mobil/kendaraan dengan berbagai fungsi dengan model yang sporti. Kendaraan tersebut artinya bisa digunakan di jalan-jalan kota (on road) maupun di jalan-jalan pedesaan (off road). Tentunya off road disini mengandung pengertian bukan offroad ekstrem yang berlumpur dan berbatu karang, namun lebih merupakan jalan yang tidak semuanya diaspal, atau aspalnya banyak yang rusak. Meski dengan modelnya yang berpenggerak empat roda (4x4) rasanya tidak masalah diajak ber-offroad ria di medan yang berat.
Ford explorer rasanya cukup terkenal di negara paman sam sono, dimana kita bisa melihat sebuah film “Peace Maker” yang dibintangi George Clooney, aktor sekaligus milyuner dan artis cantik Nicole Kidman, mantan istri Tom Cruise, aktor Hollywood yang kesohor itu. Dalam film tersebut diceritakan Gorge Clooney dalam salah satu lobby militernya memberikan sebuah Explorer ke pimpinan militer negara lain. Setidaknya penggambaran itu menjelaskan bahwa Explorer merupakan kendaraan SUV yang gagah dan terkenal sampai ke mancanegara.
Di Indonesia sendiri ford merupakan pemain otomotif yang berumur cukup lama. Kita tentunya tidak asing dengan taxi era tahun 1900-an yaitu Ford Laser. Mobil sedan produksi ford ini terkenal handal dan dipakai taxi mengarungi belantara Jabotabek tanpa banyak rewel. Banyak sopir taxi terkesan dengan kehandalan sedan ford ini serta kemudahan suku cadang yang juga relatif ekonomis. Menyusul ford sedan (ada beberap model sedan), Ford juga mengeluarkan beberapa model SUV semacam ford Escape dan Ranger. Hanya nampaknya Explorer memang belum dimasukkan ke Indonesia oleh ATPM-nya dan lebih dipilih SUV bermesin tidak terlampau besar. Kalaupun kita bias menemukan Explorer di sini, bisa jadi merupakan mobil CBU yang diimpor oleh Importir Umum.
Explorer sendiri dibuat dengan pilihan mesin 4000 cc dan 4600 cc dengan daya kuda sekitar 200 hp dan 230 hp. Tentunya daya kuda sebesar itu bisa menggerakan mobil gagah tadi mencapai kecepatan diatas 150 km/jam, tergantung jalanan yang dilalui dan keberanian mengendarainya. Kembali pada keberhasilan Explorer terjual sampai 5 juta unit dalam waktu 7 tahun tentunya merupakan prestasi tersendiri yang tidak semua model bisa mencapainya. Meski kita bisa saja melihat Corolla (mobil Jepang) yang konon penjualan globalnya mendekati angka 25 juta unit, namun model ini dibuat mulai tahun 1970-an. VW kodok (German) yang juga berhasil mendekati penjualan di atas 20 juta unit, juga lagi-lagi merupakan penjualan dalam rentang waktu yang cukup lama.
Explorer, sebuah SUV yang gagah dan salah satu produk kebanggaan rakyat Amrik, nampaknya akan menjadi salah satu ikon dan legenda permobilan negeri Mr. Bush. Read More ..
Ford explorer rasanya cukup terkenal di negara paman sam sono, dimana kita bisa melihat sebuah film “Peace Maker” yang dibintangi George Clooney, aktor sekaligus milyuner dan artis cantik Nicole Kidman, mantan istri Tom Cruise, aktor Hollywood yang kesohor itu. Dalam film tersebut diceritakan Gorge Clooney dalam salah satu lobby militernya memberikan sebuah Explorer ke pimpinan militer negara lain. Setidaknya penggambaran itu menjelaskan bahwa Explorer merupakan kendaraan SUV yang gagah dan terkenal sampai ke mancanegara.
Di Indonesia sendiri ford merupakan pemain otomotif yang berumur cukup lama. Kita tentunya tidak asing dengan taxi era tahun 1900-an yaitu Ford Laser. Mobil sedan produksi ford ini terkenal handal dan dipakai taxi mengarungi belantara Jabotabek tanpa banyak rewel. Banyak sopir taxi terkesan dengan kehandalan sedan ford ini serta kemudahan suku cadang yang juga relatif ekonomis. Menyusul ford sedan (ada beberap model sedan), Ford juga mengeluarkan beberapa model SUV semacam ford Escape dan Ranger. Hanya nampaknya Explorer memang belum dimasukkan ke Indonesia oleh ATPM-nya dan lebih dipilih SUV bermesin tidak terlampau besar. Kalaupun kita bias menemukan Explorer di sini, bisa jadi merupakan mobil CBU yang diimpor oleh Importir Umum.
Explorer sendiri dibuat dengan pilihan mesin 4000 cc dan 4600 cc dengan daya kuda sekitar 200 hp dan 230 hp. Tentunya daya kuda sebesar itu bisa menggerakan mobil gagah tadi mencapai kecepatan diatas 150 km/jam, tergantung jalanan yang dilalui dan keberanian mengendarainya. Kembali pada keberhasilan Explorer terjual sampai 5 juta unit dalam waktu 7 tahun tentunya merupakan prestasi tersendiri yang tidak semua model bisa mencapainya. Meski kita bisa saja melihat Corolla (mobil Jepang) yang konon penjualan globalnya mendekati angka 25 juta unit, namun model ini dibuat mulai tahun 1970-an. VW kodok (German) yang juga berhasil mendekati penjualan di atas 20 juta unit, juga lagi-lagi merupakan penjualan dalam rentang waktu yang cukup lama.
Explorer, sebuah SUV yang gagah dan salah satu produk kebanggaan rakyat Amrik, nampaknya akan menjadi salah satu ikon dan legenda permobilan negeri Mr. Bush. Read More ..
Tuesday, January 03, 2006
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
PRELIMINARY
Indonesia is an agriculture country. It has plenty of natural resources. It also stretches in the wide range of islands that contain many tribes, races, culture, and variety of plants. People live from utilizing plants and other natural resources. Besides, it has been forest that plays important role in the country as land for living.
1In the period of the year 1960 Indonesia was still being a country standing behind in the development (least developing country) with Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita that belongs to lower income country. Indonesia may then be categorized as the biggest of least developing country whose manufacture stood behind the other countries. Manufacture sector output was less than other Asia countries like Philippine and Hong Kong. Oil boom that occurred in the period of 1973 – 1981 remarked by industry development even it was not efficient yet. The impact of oil boom against Indonesia economic was arising speed economic growth level and it stimulated the increasing demand of manufacture goods.
Industry era of Indonesia was beginning in the year 1966 and in the decade of 1980 Indonesia emerged as being important industrial power among the less developing countries. Economic growth had drastically increased in the period of 1968 – 1981 with the average growth rate was 7% yearly. This transformation process was plotted by increasing revenue per capita from USD 75 in the year 1967 shifted towards USD 1,023 in the year 1997 or equal to purchasing power parity of USD 3,690.
2The composition of Product Domestic Brute (PDB) sectors in the period of 1960 – 1998 was covering 1) agriculture, forest and fish, 2) mining, 3) manufacture, 4) electric, gas and water, 5) building, 6) trade, 7) transportation and communication, 8) finance, and 9) service. This paper will try to describe pulp and paper industry that relates to the limitation of organic natural resources.
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
Indonesia is one of the tropical rain forest resources. Forest is such important natural source to keep water resources in the environment balance amount. Forest also functions to stabilize the climate. Human beings are luck to have enough forest. Forest will protect them from attacking the flood, bad climate, food shortage, water shortage and wild animal anger. There are many benefit of forest and it will be quite difficult to count one by one of its benefit. In short, forest is one of the most valuable assets that need to maintain forever life.
Figuring out the high importance of the forest it is necessary to maintain forest properly and adequately. We must keep forest away from destructions either done by human being or other disturbers. Excessive exploitation of the forest will threat and endanger nature of life. However, economically it is worthless to let the forest be and not to utilize for the sake of human being welfare. That is why there has been existed the industry of utilizing forest resources.
Pulp and paper industry was born of responding human need of paper. In the daily life, human being utilizes and consumes paper product for their daily supporting activities. In the work life and beyond human being always need paper as well as their other stuff of supporting facilities. For the industry itself there has been more paper needed to support their activities. Media industry needs paper to print newspaper and magazines. Food manufacture needs paper to inner and outer packages. Other industries need paper to facilitate their administration and much other supporting stuff. This opportunity of producing paper stimulates industry to operate the pulp and paper manufacture.
In the market there have been some listing companies of pulp and paper that involve in the stock market trading. 3There are Fajar Surya Wisesa Tbk, Indah Kiat Pulp & Paper Tbk, Surabaya Agung Industry P. Tbk, Suparma Tbk, and Pabrik Kertas Tjiwi Kimia Tbk. Some listing companies in the stock market prove and show us how important pulp and paper industry existence. They need the input material to transform into output of finished goods. We are familiar that one of the inputs will be wood that taken from trees in forest. Trees in the forest that we all agree its function of balancing the ecology of life are threatened to destroy.
The utilization of the forest to support pulp and paper industry is not apart from government authority. Government facilitates forest either for industry or none industry purpose by considering cost and benefit and the balance of ecosystems. Government is obliged to stress the society welfare as well as environment balance much higher than just such business oriented. Government policy, industry need, society life and nature life should proportionally be shared and be treated in the balance weight. If not then disaster may even come to destroy the life.
From Indonesia pulp and paper association, the capacity of producers in the 1997 respectively as follows Indah Kiat as of 1,254 thousand ton per year, Fajar Surya as of 500 thousand ton per year, Surabaya Agung as of 337 thousand ton per year, Suparma as of 150 thousand ton per year and Tjiwi Kimia as of 651 thousand ton per year. These capacities are still added by some manufacturers beyond the listing company in stock market that their production achieved into other million ton per year. From five listing companies above we then gathering the number of 2.892 million ton yearly. This huge of pulp and paper production will consequently require huge amount of wood as well. The more pulp and paper will produce, the more trees in the forest will be cut down. So the figure of production will impact the wide of forest to destroy.
Government should carefully manage and regulate the forest resources. Of course, there has been such agreement among the industry player, government and board of people representative to share and accommodate their interests. This agreement should be implemented wisely and appropriately to deny the failure of nature balance.
From the point of the industry player’s view, there has been business focus and orientation. They tend to justify business that need forest resources like usual business as to maximizing profit while keeping cost down. They are not really aware of how to utilize forest resources and its high value content proportionally while maintaining forest’s going on survival. They focus more on business target and capacity to achieve demand fulfillment. The more demand rise in the market, the more capacity they will supply. As their business running faster, while contrary natural resources suffer of its damaged. 4By indicator of business growing, as stock price of Fajar Surya and Indag Kiat announce IDR 775 and IDR650 respectively from one day before of pricing IDR725 and IDR625 that mean they achieve the increase of 50 and 25 point respectively. Contrast to this fast growing business, recently on the television was broadcasted widely the disaster of flood attacking, erosion of land and the suffering of many homeless people.
Business player sometimes do not realize that every natural resource has its limitation. They may be entrapped in short terms interest, narrow landscape view while disobeying the more important long terms life. So, what they are doing that they keep on exploiting the forest to achieve their own business. They sometimes forget that forest takes longer time to recover than they harvest it. As nowadays condition, the number and width of the forest is getting narrower in every time. The nature of life often remind by some disasters coming into human being and society. Flood, hot climate and animal anger occur and attack the environment and human being. The disasters destroy almost all of environment and threaten even human being survival.
For further illustration there were some cities in Sumatra are suffered of flood recently. The roads and streets that link and connect cities are in a very bad condition, facing society to hard situation of doing their activities. Some people lose their home of flood covering. They really suffer of food shortage and homeless. Children suffer of illness and unhealthy environment. This disaster of flood further happens in some part land of Java, part of Kalimantan and other parts of country. Society must handle burden of high social cost instead they get more welfare of forest resources occupations. This kind of disaster often occurs in wet season.
How kind of disaster has attacked under dry season. Firing happens everywhere in the forest and its environment. Society and human being are threat of dead as being victims of forest firing. Again they lose their home and their life resources due to the mismanagement of forest. Society is forced to facing hard phase of their life to struggle their welfare.
CONCLUSION
Business and ecology have their reciprocal relationship. Business has its benefit over supporting human being needs. In the long term, business will contribute to society welfare. Business also contributes value added of input to transform into output of finished goods. Pulp and paper industry was born to respond the need of paper. This industry processes the wood of trees that derived from forest into paper product. Paper is important commodity that widely used to support the activity of other industries, personal and society. From the industry cycle, the industry player will collect profit, government get its taxes while society may supply the labor and rewarded by payment. Some parts that involving in the industry have shared and got their own contribution.
Forest is important part of ecology systems. While business exploiting its content, natural resources conservation need to implement. Business player together with government must allocate its profit to reserve the forest recovery. The existence of forest must be maintained and be cared. Forest contributes high role against human being and society life. Forest that is not treated properly will produce high risk of disaster. Flood and firing are consequent of forest damaged. In the long term, the damaged of forest will more seriously attack against environment life.
Forest as natural resources should be managed and controlled properly. Exploitation that does not care natural resources limitation may effect destruction and damaged. It is important for the players that involved in pulp and paper industry consider very carefully the ecology systems. Forest is quite important part of ecology existence. Many victims indeed fell as consequent of forest damaged. It is better to prevent more victims of people by pushing immediate recovery of the forest. Government together with business player must hand in hand to plant more trees to replace the cutting down trees. The scheme of recovery is already set up. Acting now and it is better late than never. Read More ..
Indonesia is an agriculture country. It has plenty of natural resources. It also stretches in the wide range of islands that contain many tribes, races, culture, and variety of plants. People live from utilizing plants and other natural resources. Besides, it has been forest that plays important role in the country as land for living.
1In the period of the year 1960 Indonesia was still being a country standing behind in the development (least developing country) with Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita that belongs to lower income country. Indonesia may then be categorized as the biggest of least developing country whose manufacture stood behind the other countries. Manufacture sector output was less than other Asia countries like Philippine and Hong Kong. Oil boom that occurred in the period of 1973 – 1981 remarked by industry development even it was not efficient yet. The impact of oil boom against Indonesia economic was arising speed economic growth level and it stimulated the increasing demand of manufacture goods.
Industry era of Indonesia was beginning in the year 1966 and in the decade of 1980 Indonesia emerged as being important industrial power among the less developing countries. Economic growth had drastically increased in the period of 1968 – 1981 with the average growth rate was 7% yearly. This transformation process was plotted by increasing revenue per capita from USD 75 in the year 1967 shifted towards USD 1,023 in the year 1997 or equal to purchasing power parity of USD 3,690.
2The composition of Product Domestic Brute (PDB) sectors in the period of 1960 – 1998 was covering 1) agriculture, forest and fish, 2) mining, 3) manufacture, 4) electric, gas and water, 5) building, 6) trade, 7) transportation and communication, 8) finance, and 9) service. This paper will try to describe pulp and paper industry that relates to the limitation of organic natural resources.
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
Indonesia is one of the tropical rain forest resources. Forest is such important natural source to keep water resources in the environment balance amount. Forest also functions to stabilize the climate. Human beings are luck to have enough forest. Forest will protect them from attacking the flood, bad climate, food shortage, water shortage and wild animal anger. There are many benefit of forest and it will be quite difficult to count one by one of its benefit. In short, forest is one of the most valuable assets that need to maintain forever life.
Figuring out the high importance of the forest it is necessary to maintain forest properly and adequately. We must keep forest away from destructions either done by human being or other disturbers. Excessive exploitation of the forest will threat and endanger nature of life. However, economically it is worthless to let the forest be and not to utilize for the sake of human being welfare. That is why there has been existed the industry of utilizing forest resources.
Pulp and paper industry was born of responding human need of paper. In the daily life, human being utilizes and consumes paper product for their daily supporting activities. In the work life and beyond human being always need paper as well as their other stuff of supporting facilities. For the industry itself there has been more paper needed to support their activities. Media industry needs paper to print newspaper and magazines. Food manufacture needs paper to inner and outer packages. Other industries need paper to facilitate their administration and much other supporting stuff. This opportunity of producing paper stimulates industry to operate the pulp and paper manufacture.
In the market there have been some listing companies of pulp and paper that involve in the stock market trading. 3There are Fajar Surya Wisesa Tbk, Indah Kiat Pulp & Paper Tbk, Surabaya Agung Industry P. Tbk, Suparma Tbk, and Pabrik Kertas Tjiwi Kimia Tbk. Some listing companies in the stock market prove and show us how important pulp and paper industry existence. They need the input material to transform into output of finished goods. We are familiar that one of the inputs will be wood that taken from trees in forest. Trees in the forest that we all agree its function of balancing the ecology of life are threatened to destroy.
The utilization of the forest to support pulp and paper industry is not apart from government authority. Government facilitates forest either for industry or none industry purpose by considering cost and benefit and the balance of ecosystems. Government is obliged to stress the society welfare as well as environment balance much higher than just such business oriented. Government policy, industry need, society life and nature life should proportionally be shared and be treated in the balance weight. If not then disaster may even come to destroy the life.
From Indonesia pulp and paper association, the capacity of producers in the 1997 respectively as follows Indah Kiat as of 1,254 thousand ton per year, Fajar Surya as of 500 thousand ton per year, Surabaya Agung as of 337 thousand ton per year, Suparma as of 150 thousand ton per year and Tjiwi Kimia as of 651 thousand ton per year. These capacities are still added by some manufacturers beyond the listing company in stock market that their production achieved into other million ton per year. From five listing companies above we then gathering the number of 2.892 million ton yearly. This huge of pulp and paper production will consequently require huge amount of wood as well. The more pulp and paper will produce, the more trees in the forest will be cut down. So the figure of production will impact the wide of forest to destroy.
Government should carefully manage and regulate the forest resources. Of course, there has been such agreement among the industry player, government and board of people representative to share and accommodate their interests. This agreement should be implemented wisely and appropriately to deny the failure of nature balance.
From the point of the industry player’s view, there has been business focus and orientation. They tend to justify business that need forest resources like usual business as to maximizing profit while keeping cost down. They are not really aware of how to utilize forest resources and its high value content proportionally while maintaining forest’s going on survival. They focus more on business target and capacity to achieve demand fulfillment. The more demand rise in the market, the more capacity they will supply. As their business running faster, while contrary natural resources suffer of its damaged. 4By indicator of business growing, as stock price of Fajar Surya and Indag Kiat announce IDR 775 and IDR650 respectively from one day before of pricing IDR725 and IDR625 that mean they achieve the increase of 50 and 25 point respectively. Contrast to this fast growing business, recently on the television was broadcasted widely the disaster of flood attacking, erosion of land and the suffering of many homeless people.
Business player sometimes do not realize that every natural resource has its limitation. They may be entrapped in short terms interest, narrow landscape view while disobeying the more important long terms life. So, what they are doing that they keep on exploiting the forest to achieve their own business. They sometimes forget that forest takes longer time to recover than they harvest it. As nowadays condition, the number and width of the forest is getting narrower in every time. The nature of life often remind by some disasters coming into human being and society. Flood, hot climate and animal anger occur and attack the environment and human being. The disasters destroy almost all of environment and threaten even human being survival.
For further illustration there were some cities in Sumatra are suffered of flood recently. The roads and streets that link and connect cities are in a very bad condition, facing society to hard situation of doing their activities. Some people lose their home of flood covering. They really suffer of food shortage and homeless. Children suffer of illness and unhealthy environment. This disaster of flood further happens in some part land of Java, part of Kalimantan and other parts of country. Society must handle burden of high social cost instead they get more welfare of forest resources occupations. This kind of disaster often occurs in wet season.
How kind of disaster has attacked under dry season. Firing happens everywhere in the forest and its environment. Society and human being are threat of dead as being victims of forest firing. Again they lose their home and their life resources due to the mismanagement of forest. Society is forced to facing hard phase of their life to struggle their welfare.
CONCLUSION
Business and ecology have their reciprocal relationship. Business has its benefit over supporting human being needs. In the long term, business will contribute to society welfare. Business also contributes value added of input to transform into output of finished goods. Pulp and paper industry was born to respond the need of paper. This industry processes the wood of trees that derived from forest into paper product. Paper is important commodity that widely used to support the activity of other industries, personal and society. From the industry cycle, the industry player will collect profit, government get its taxes while society may supply the labor and rewarded by payment. Some parts that involving in the industry have shared and got their own contribution.
Forest is important part of ecology systems. While business exploiting its content, natural resources conservation need to implement. Business player together with government must allocate its profit to reserve the forest recovery. The existence of forest must be maintained and be cared. Forest contributes high role against human being and society life. Forest that is not treated properly will produce high risk of disaster. Flood and firing are consequent of forest damaged. In the long term, the damaged of forest will more seriously attack against environment life.
Forest as natural resources should be managed and controlled properly. Exploitation that does not care natural resources limitation may effect destruction and damaged. It is important for the players that involved in pulp and paper industry consider very carefully the ecology systems. Forest is quite important part of ecology existence. Many victims indeed fell as consequent of forest damaged. It is better to prevent more victims of people by pushing immediate recovery of the forest. Government together with business player must hand in hand to plant more trees to replace the cutting down trees. The scheme of recovery is already set up. Acting now and it is better late than never. Read More ..
HOW THE ENGINE WORKS
CYLINDER BLOCK
n The cylinder block is the foundation to which all other components are attached.
PISTON and ROD
n Cast Piston
n Forged Piston
n Barrel Skirt
n Slipper Skirt
CRANKSHAFT
n Changes Recipro-cating motion to Rotating motion
PISTON CONFIGURATIONS
n Inline 6
n Inline 4
n Opposed 4
n V-6
n V-8
OTHER ENGINE ID’S
n Valve Train Type
• Flathead
• Overhead Valve (OHV)
• Overhead Cam (OHC) or (SOHC)
• Dual Overhead Cam (DOHC)
n Engine Displacement
• Know conversion Factors From CI to CC
• CC to CI
DEFINITIONS
n TDC
• Top Dead Center
• Piston at top of stroke.
n BDC
• Bottom Dead Center
• Piston at Bottom of stroke.
n STROKE
• TDC to BDC
• BDC to TDC
• 180 degrees of crankshaft rotation
n FOUR CYCLE (Stroke)
• 4 x 180 = 720 degrees to make one complete cycle.
FOUR STROKE CYCLE
n Intake
Compression
n Power
n Exhaust
IGNITION
n Spark Ignition (SI)
• Gasoline Engines use a precisely timed electric spark to start the combustion process.
n Compression Ignition (CI)
• Diesel Engines use the heat produced from compression to raise cylinder temperature above the flash point of diesel, and inject fuel directly into the cylinder.
CAMSHAFTS
n Camshafts turn at one half crankshaft speed.
n Camshafts can be driven with a gear, chain and sprocket, or toothed belt.
n Camshafts have one lobe for each valve.
INTAKE STROKE
n Intake valve open
n Exhaust valve closed
n piston traveling down from TDC to BDC
n Air is being force into the cylinder by the difference between atmospheric and cylinder pressure
VACUUM DEFINITION
n Any pressure less than atmospheric in a sealed or semi-sealed container
n Approximately 14.7 PSI at sea level
COMPRESSION
STROKE
n Both valves closed
n Piston traveling up BDC to TDC
n Compressing the air-fuel mixture
POWER
STROKE
n Both valves closed
n Spark plug ignites the air fuel mixture
n Piston is being pushed down by the expanding gases from TDC to BDC
EXHAUST
STROKE
n Exhaust valve open
n Intake valve closed
n Piston traveling up from BDC to TDC forcing the burnt exhaust gases from the cylinder
n At TDC the engine has returned to its starting point. Read More ..
n The cylinder block is the foundation to which all other components are attached.
PISTON and ROD
n Cast Piston
n Forged Piston
n Barrel Skirt
n Slipper Skirt
CRANKSHAFT
n Changes Recipro-cating motion to Rotating motion
PISTON CONFIGURATIONS
n Inline 6
n Inline 4
n Opposed 4
n V-6
n V-8
OTHER ENGINE ID’S
n Valve Train Type
• Flathead
• Overhead Valve (OHV)
• Overhead Cam (OHC) or (SOHC)
• Dual Overhead Cam (DOHC)
n Engine Displacement
• Know conversion Factors From CI to CC
• CC to CI
DEFINITIONS
n TDC
• Top Dead Center
• Piston at top of stroke.
n BDC
• Bottom Dead Center
• Piston at Bottom of stroke.
n STROKE
• TDC to BDC
• BDC to TDC
• 180 degrees of crankshaft rotation
n FOUR CYCLE (Stroke)
• 4 x 180 = 720 degrees to make one complete cycle.
FOUR STROKE CYCLE
n Intake
Compression
n Power
n Exhaust
IGNITION
n Spark Ignition (SI)
• Gasoline Engines use a precisely timed electric spark to start the combustion process.
n Compression Ignition (CI)
• Diesel Engines use the heat produced from compression to raise cylinder temperature above the flash point of diesel, and inject fuel directly into the cylinder.
CAMSHAFTS
n Camshafts turn at one half crankshaft speed.
n Camshafts can be driven with a gear, chain and sprocket, or toothed belt.
n Camshafts have one lobe for each valve.
INTAKE STROKE
n Intake valve open
n Exhaust valve closed
n piston traveling down from TDC to BDC
n Air is being force into the cylinder by the difference between atmospheric and cylinder pressure
VACUUM DEFINITION
n Any pressure less than atmospheric in a sealed or semi-sealed container
n Approximately 14.7 PSI at sea level
COMPRESSION
STROKE
n Both valves closed
n Piston traveling up BDC to TDC
n Compressing the air-fuel mixture
POWER
STROKE
n Both valves closed
n Spark plug ignites the air fuel mixture
n Piston is being pushed down by the expanding gases from TDC to BDC
EXHAUST
STROKE
n Exhaust valve open
n Intake valve closed
n Piston traveling up from BDC to TDC forcing the burnt exhaust gases from the cylinder
n At TDC the engine has returned to its starting point. Read More ..
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